Diploma in Computer Application

# Computer Fundamental

·         How to start Computer  ?

Press  Power button  →Press Start button of C.P.U →Start  Computer

·   #  How to shutdown the computer ?

1.       Click Start Button → Click Turn off Computer → Click turn off

2.       Press ALT+F4 (Shortcut Key)

       ♦ Restart – click restart – This is use to restart the computer                    (means – Computer off and self Restart )       ♦ Sleep – click sleep - This button is use to off the Computer 50%

# What is Computer?

·         Computer is an electronic device that can store data and information. It can do  Arithmetical and logical function in few second.
                                         OR
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

कंप्यूटर एक उन्नत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिवाइस है जो उपयोगकर्ता से इनपुट के रूप में कच्चा डेटा लेता है और इन डेटा को निर्देशों (जिसे प्रोग्राम कहा जाता है) के नियंत्रण में नियंत्रित करता है और परिणाम (आउटपुट) देता है और भविष्य के उपयोग के लिए आउटपुट बचाता है। यह संख्यात्मक और गैर-संख्यात्मक (अंकगणितीय और तार्किक) दोनों गणनाओं को संसाधित कर सकता है

 ♦   A computer has four Function:

a.   Accepts data             Input

b.   Processes data           Processing

c.   Produces output          Output

d.   Stores results             Storage

  ♦ COMPUTER  FULLFORM

         C – Common

         O – Operated

         M -  Machinery

         P – Particular / Process

         U – User

         T – Technical / Trade

         E – Education

         R - Research

    

      ♦ Father of Computer – Charles Babbage ( 26^th Dec 1791 – 18 October 1871) He was an       English mathematician , philosopher and mechanical engineer. Charles Babbage designs another machine to be driven by the stories power he name it “analytical engine”

      ♦ Mother of computer – Ada Lovelace (10^th Dec. 1815 – 27^th Nov. 1852)

♦ CHARACTERSITICS OF COMPUTER

  SPEED

  ACCURACY

  RELIABILITY

  STORAGE CAPACITY

  AUTOMATION

  DILIGENCE

  CONVENIENCE

  FLEXIBILITY 

♦ HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

·        ABACUS : Abcaus is made up of a frame in which rods are fitted across the rounds beads sliding on the rod . It means calculating board. It consisted of sticks in horizontal positions on which were inserted sets of pebbles. It was developed by the Egyption and Chinese people

.

·         NAPIER’S BONES : The Scottish mathematician Johan Napier built a device for the purpose of multiplication in 1617 A.D.

·          PASCAL’S CALCULATOR : The first mechanical calculating machine was made in 1642 by the Great French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. His machine was a simple calculator used for addition and subtraction purpose.

·         LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATOR : Gottfried Leibnitz, a German mathematician, improved an adding machine and constructed used for addition and subtraction purpose.

·         CHARLES BABBAGE ANALYTICAL ENGINE : British pioneer Charles Babbage (1791-1871), First design of modern computer.    

    

#  Five Generation of Computer

       ♦ First Generation (1940-1956)

The period of first generation was from 1940-1956. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it.

In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

पहली पीढ़ी की अवधि 1940-1956 से थी। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों ने सीपीयू (सेंट्रल प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट) के लिए मेमोरी और सर्किट्री के मूल घटकों के रूप में वैक्यूम ट्यूबों का उपयोग किया। इलेक्ट्रिक बल्बों की तरह इन ट्यूबों ने बहुत गर्मी उत्पन्न की और इंस्टॉलेशन अक्सर फ्यूज करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता था। इसलिए, वे बहुत महंगे थे और केवल बड़े संगठन ही इसे बर्दाश्त करने मेंसक्षम थे। इस पीढ़ी में, मुख्य रूप से बैच प्रसंस्करण ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम का उपयोगकिया गया था। पंच कार्ड, पेपर टेप, और चुंबकीय टेप इनपुट और आउटपुट उपकरणों के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया गया था। इस पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर ने प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा के रूप में मशीन कोड का इस्तेमाल किया।